{"id":5478,"date":"2025-04-03T03:56:52","date_gmt":"2025-04-03T01:56:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rvh-synergie.org\/actualites\/letude-revele-a-quel-point-la-consommation-dalcool-endommage-la-cognition\/"},"modified":"2025-04-03T03:56:56","modified_gmt":"2025-04-03T01:56:56","slug":"letude-revele-a-quel-point-la-consommation-dalcool-endommage-la-cognition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rvh-synergie.org\/actualites\/letude-revele-a-quel-point-la-consommation-dalcool-endommage-la-cognition\/","title":{"rendered":"L’\u00e9tude r\u00e9v\u00e8le \u00e0 quel point la consommation d’alcool endommage la cognition"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Pour la premi\u00e8re fois, les chercheurs d\u00e9montrent chez un animal comment la consommation intensive d’alcool entra\u00eene des probl\u00e8mes de comportement \u00e0 long terme en endommageant les circuits c\u00e9r\u00e9braux critiques pour la prise de d\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n

Les rats expos\u00e9s \u00e0 des quantit\u00e9s \u00e9lev\u00e9es d’alcool ont montr\u00e9 une mauvaise prise de d\u00e9cision au cours d’une t\u00e2che complexe, m\u00eame apr\u00e8s une p\u00e9riode de retrait d’un mois. Les zones cl\u00e9s de leur cerveau avaient subi des changements fonctionnels spectaculaires par rapport aux rats sains.<\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9sultats, publi\u00e9s dans Avanc\u00e9es scientifiques<\/i>Fournissez une nouvelle explication des effets \u00e0 long terme de l’alcool sur la cognition.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Nous avons maintenant un nouveau mod\u00e8le pour les changements cognitifs malheureux que les humains atteints de troubles de la consommation d’alcool montrent\u00a0\u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l’auteur Patricia Janak, un neuroscientifique de l’Universit\u00e9 Johns Hopkins qui \u00e9tudie la biologie de la d\u00e9pendance.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Nous savons que les humains qui sont d\u00e9pendants de l’alcool peuvent montrer des d\u00e9ficits dans l’apprentissage et la prise de d\u00e9cision qui peuvent contribuer \u00e0 leurs mauvaises d\u00e9cisions li\u00e9es \u00e0 la consommation d’alcool. Nous avions besoin d’un mod\u00e8le animal pour mieux comprendre comment l’abus chronique d’alcool affecte le cerveau. Savoir ce qui se passe dans le cerveau d’un animal lorsqu’il a ces difficult\u00e9s d\u00e9cisionnelles nous dira ce qui se passe chez l’homme.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Dans des exp\u00e9riences men\u00e9es par le premier auteur Yifeng Cheng, un chercheur dans le laboratoire de Janak qui \u00e9tudie les effets de l’alcool sur le cerveau, les rats ont re\u00e7u une tr\u00e8s forte exposition \u00e0 l’alcool pendant un mois. Puis, apr\u00e8s une p\u00e9riode de retrait de pr\u00e8s de trois mois, les rats ont re\u00e7u un test de prise de d\u00e9cision bas\u00e9 sur la r\u00e9compense avec un groupe t\u00e9moin de rats qui n’avaient pas \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9s \u00e0 l’alcool.<\/p>\n

Pour obtenir une r\u00e9compense, les rats ont re\u00e7u le choix de deux leviers. Appuyer sur un levier a conduit \u00e0 une probabilit\u00e9 de r\u00e9compense plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que de presser l’autre levier. Les rats apprennent facilement quel levier se traduit par le plus de r\u00e9compense, donc les chercheurs ont compliqu\u00e9 les choses \u00e0 toutes les quelques minutes de commutation quel levier avait la probabilit\u00e9 de r\u00e9compense la plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Pour obtenir le plus de r\u00e9compense, un rat devrait changer rapidement son comportement \u00e0 chaque fois qu’il d\u00e9couvre que la probabilit\u00e9 de r\u00e9compense a chang\u00e9.<\/p>\n

C’\u00e9tait une t\u00e2che difficile qui n\u00e9cessitait de la m\u00e9moire et de la strat\u00e9gie. Les rats expos\u00e9s \u00e0 l’alcool ont permis de se comporter consid\u00e9rablement.<\/p>\n

Les exp\u00e9riences pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes chez les animaux n’\u00e9taient pas comparables aux humains souffrant de troubles de la consommation d’alcool car les animaux n’ont pas d\u00e9montr\u00e9 de d\u00e9ficits dans la prise de d\u00e9cision rapide. L’\u00e9quipe pense que c’est parce que les t\u00e2ches dans des exp\u00e9riences ant\u00e9rieures \u00e9taient trop faciles.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Notre exp\u00e9rience a \u00e9t\u00e9 assez difficile et les rats expos\u00e9s \u00e0 l’alcool ne pouvaient tout simplement pas le faire\u00a0\u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Janak. \u00ab\u00a0Lorsque la bonne r\u00e9ponse changeait constamment, les rats t\u00e9moins ont pris les meilleures d\u00e9cisions plus rapidement. Ils \u00e9taient plus strat\u00e9giques. Et lorsque nous avons regard\u00e9 leur cerveau, les signaux neuronaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision des rats t\u00e9moins \u00e9taient plus forts.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

L’\u00e9quipe a li\u00e9 les difficult\u00e9s comportementales aux transformations fonctionnelles spectaculaires dans le striatum dorsom\u00e9dial, une partie du cerveau critique pour la prise de d\u00e9cision. L’alcool avait endommag\u00e9 les circuits neuronaux, ce qui a fait traiter moins efficacement les rats expos\u00e9s \u00e0 l’alcool.<\/p>\n

Une surprise a \u00e9t\u00e9 la dur\u00e9e de la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l’alcool alt\u00e8re la cognition et la fonction neuronale, m\u00eame apr\u00e8s le retrait.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Cela peut nous donner un aper\u00e7u des raisons pour lesquelles les taux de rechute pour les personnes accro \u00e0 l’alcool sont si \u00e9lev\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Janak. \u00ab\u00a0Les d\u00e9ficits neuronaux induits par l’alcool peuvent contribuer \u00e0 des d\u00e9cisions \u00e0 boire m\u00eame apr\u00e8s \u00eatre all\u00e9s en cure de d\u00e9sintoxication. Nous pouvons clairement d\u00e9montrer que ces d\u00e9ficits peuvent \u00eatre durables.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

L’\u00e9quipe n’a trouv\u00e9 que les d\u00e9ficiences comportementales et neuronales que chez les rats m\u00e2les. L’\u00e9quipe ne croit pas que cela sugg\u00e8re que les rats f\u00e9minins soient \u00e0 l’abri des effets de l’alcool, mais qu’il pourrait y avoir des sensibilit\u00e9s li\u00e9es au sexe dans les effets \u00e0 long terme de l’alcool sur la fonction c\u00e9r\u00e9brale.<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs esp\u00e8rent ensuite explorer comment l’alcoolisme affecte d’autres domaines du cerveau qui interagissent avec le striatum dorsom\u00e9dial et ce qui pourrait provoquer les diff\u00e9rences entre les hommes et les femmes.<\/p>\n

Les auteurs suppl\u00e9mentaires incluent Robin Magnard, boursier postdoctoral chez Johns Hopkins; Angela J. Langdon des National Institutes of Health; et Daeyeol Lee, un professeur distingu\u00e9 de Bloomberg de neurosciences et de sciences psychologiques et c\u00e9r\u00e9brales \u00e0 Johns Hopkins.<\/p>\n

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Pour la premi\u00e8re fois, les chercheurs d\u00e9montrent chez un animal comment la consommation intensive d’alcool<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5479,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[1405,33,34,1621,1346,2092,1191,157],"class_list":["post-5478","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-les-addictions","tag-cognition","tag-consommation","tag-dalcool","tag-endommage","tag-letude","tag-point","tag-quel","tag-revele","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nL'\u00e9tude r\u00e9v\u00e8le \u00e0 quel point la consommation d'alcool endommage la cognition - RVH-Synergie.org<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rvh-synergie.org\/actualites\/letude-revele-a-quel-point-la-consommation-dalcool-endommage-la-cognition\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L'\u00e9tude r\u00e9v\u00e8le \u00e0 quel point la consommation d'alcool endommage la cognition - 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